How Psychological Research Has Helped in the Understanding...

How psychological research has helped in the understanding of criminal behaviour Bandura (1961) - Bobo doll experiment - Albert Bandura created the bobo doll experiment in 1961, the aim of this experiment was to show that if children where witnesses to aggressive displays by an adult of some sort they would imitate this behaviour when given an opportunity. The tested group contained 36 young girls and 36 young boys all aged between 4 and 5 years which was then divided into 3 groups of 24 – the aggressive condition, the non aggressive condition and the control group. The first group involved the children watching aggressive models, where the children where then subdivided by sex of the role model they were exposed to. The second group†¦show more content†¦This study has helped in the understanding of criminal behaviour as children learn through imitation and the environment which they grow up in have an effect on their behaviour. If a child has been brought up around abuse, criminal activity or consistent aggression then the child is most likely to offend by imitating their role model wh ich could be a parent, sibling or even just a role model which they look up to. Philip Zimbardo (1971) - Stanford prison experiment – Dr Philip Zimbardo created the Stanford prison experiment in 1971, the aim of this experiment was to find out the psychological effects of prison life, and to what extent can moral people be seduced to act immorally. The study consisted of 24 students selected out of 75, the roles of these 24 men were randomly assigned, 12 to play prison guards and 12 to play prisoners. The prison set up was built inside the Stanford’s psychological department, doors where taken of laboratory rooms and replaced with steel bars in order to create cells. At the end of the corridor was the small opening which became the solitary confinement for the ‘bad prisoners’. Throughout the prison there were no windows or clocks to judge the passage in time, which resulted in time distorting experiences. After only a few hours, the participants adapted to their roles well beyond expectations, the officers startingShow MoreRelatedCriminology Theories1039 Words   |  5 Pagesessay. It is said b y Sutherland (1939), that Criminology is made up by â€Å"three great tributaries: The study of crime, the study of those who commit crime and the study of the criminal justice and penal systems†. Criminologists study this topic in an attempt to gain a greater understanding on the motives behind criminal behaviour, so they can provide their own opinion on what they believe â€Å"Criminology† is, this can be shown through different theories that have been created. These opinions will be analysedRead MoreWhy do individuals commit crimes?1381 Words   |  6 Pagesfor centuries, researchers of all kinds have been persistent in analyzing criminals for an answer. The scholarly attention to crime from various perspectives has allowed for an extensive range of theories which are based on three broad theoretical approaches of explaining criminal behaviour. These theoretical approaches, which focus on the causes of crime and deviance in modern society, are the biological approa ch, psychological approach and the sociological approach. First, the Biological Theory believesRead MoreThe Nature And Nurture Debate : How The Four Areas Of Criminal Behavior?1605 Words   |  7 Pagesthe history of psychology, questions whether or not criminal behaviour is a result of the nature of a person, meaning something that lies in their genes causing a person to act in a certain way, or nurture, the environment, therefore criminal behaviour as a result of a person’s life experiences (Sincero, 2012). This essay shall look in depth and answer to how the four areas of criminal behaviour, which are biological, sociological, psychological and environmental, as part of the nature and nurtureRead MoreThe Behavioral Perspective And The Biological Perspective1306 Words   |  6 Pagesperspective and the biological perspective. According to J Walker (2012) the behavioural perspective is based on behaviourism and is the study of observing behaviour when in certain contexts and events. The biological perspective however, explains beh aviour by focusing on the function of the nervous system, genes and the brain. Behaviourists regard behaviour has a response and stimulus which is determined by the environment one lives in. With this reductionist idea, it is therefore easy for behaviourists toRead MoreWhat Is The Study Of The Psychological Abuse Of Criminals?899 Words   |  4 Pages For solutions, it is important to look at other studies of the psychological makeup of criminals and what types of treatment work best. Convicted offenders of violent and felony crimes have lower emotional intelligence compared to control groups, so it is hypothesized that emotional intelligence enhancement programs in prison may help inmates understand and control their own emotions and how to react to other people’s emotions (Sharma et al). The studies used by Sharma et al were paper and pencilRead MoreUnderstanding Epr Use Within English Mental Health Trusts ( Mhts )1446 Words   |  6 PagesABSTRACT Background: NHS services delivering psychological treatments to clients requires volumes of patient data to be collected. Patient history information, as well as the dialogue, progress notes and risk assessments, result in mental health services accumulating comparatively more information about each patient than would be recorded by physical health practitioners. The information age has helped to transform the way all patient data is collected and stored. As a result, debate and concernsRead MoreMoral Development And The Social Learning Theory Essay1466 Words   |  6 Pagesactions and good from bad behaviour. Albert Bandura believed in the social learning theory and that morality is developed by the individual through observation and imitation. The social learning theory is the perspective that suggests people learn within a social context. The concept is that when there is a stimulus there is a response in accordance to the stimuli. (Bandura, 1965) This is Referred to as â€Å"monkey see, monkey do.† Bandura’s work is based on the concept all behaviour is learned and so theRead MoreThe Justice And Restorative Justice1621 Words   |  7 Pagesspecific crime (Roche 343). Restorative justice is the the ideal response for the majority of youth involved in criminal activity, as it’s a rehabilitative method that produces positive healing processes and outcomes, especially in comparison to retributive justice approaches. Martin Wright explains that restorative justice involves a fundamental change in the response a society has towards individuals who harm one another. Wright elaborates that this terminology shifts the meaning of crime, stressingRead MoreShould Drugs Be Legalized?2054 Words   |  9 Pageswhether drugs should be legalised has been ongoing for many decades. Legalisation and regulation of some illicit drugs are now on the agenda. Statistics have shown that in 2014-2015, around 1 in 12 (8.6%) adults aged 16 to 59 had taken an illicit drug (Home Office, 2015). Illicit drug use is said to be rising in the UK. Research was conducted by the Observer whereby they found that in 2008, 27% of the population had taken illegal drugs. However, this figure has now increased to 31% (Mann, 2014).Read MoreSex Offenders And Sexual Offenders Essay1420 Words   |  6 PagesNew Zealand (Nadesu, 2011). In 2005, there were 703 in total apprehensions of sexual assaults committed against children 16 years a nd under in New Zealand. Since then there has been a rise with total of 1029 apprehensions recorded in 2014 (New Zealand Family Violence Clearinghouse, 2015), thus may be a reason as to why there has been such interest around child sexual offenders in criminology. Furthermore, sexual offending tends to be seen as an attribute in an individual that is unchangeable, with

The North American Free Trade Agreement Essay - 1356 Words

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is an agreement negotiated by three countries; Canada, Mexico, and the United States. The main purpose of NAFTA is essentially to reduce trade barriers in order to promote international commerce, and open up different industries to trade, in particular textiles, agriculture, and automobile sectors. The introduction of NAFTA completely transformed North American economic relations and led to unparalleled cooperation between the U.S. Canada and Mexico. This research paper will look at the positive and negative impacts of NAFTA and examine whether or not it has been overall successful in promoting economic growth in its member nations. In order to answer this question, I will examine the effects of NAFTA on the U.S., Mexico and Canada by focusing on the macroeconomic impact of NAFTA, its influence on different economic sectors, and the dynamics of free trade between the developed economies of the U.S. and Canada and an undeveloped country, Mexico Macroeconomic Effects The formation of NAFTA put together a $19 trillion market comprised of around 470 million consumers. The large majority of economists concur that NAFTA has advanced the economies of its members. Trade in the region has increased dramatically from 1993, from around $290 billion to around $1.0 trillion in 2016 (Source). Other research into the macroeconomic impact shows improvements, such as an increase in GDP, income, foreign investments, and lowering unemployment.Show MoreRelatedNorth American Free Trade Agreement Essay1398 Words   |  6 Pages North American Free Trade Agreement During the most recent race for the White House we heard very little of substance from both parties, but one thing both parties seem to agree on is that free trade has been bad for the U.S. worker. One candidate proclaimed that the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) has cost the United States hundreds of thousands of jobs and another distanced herself from free trade agreements all together. It has been over twenty years since the implementation ofRead MoreThe North American Free Trade Agreement1711 Words   |  7 PagesThis paper will discuss four components of the North American Free Trade Agreement: Background, events, pros and cons. Upon the research, you will discover four online articles to provide more detail and examples. This research will indicate how it was developed and the reasoning on why it would benefit the nation. Also, it will provide events that occur after the agreement was signed by congress and the recession the countries experience during the e arly 2000s. There will be a chart locatedRead MoreThe North American Free Trade Agreement Essay1420 Words   |  6 Pagessubstance from both parties, but one thing both parties seem to agree on is that free trade has been bad for the U.S. worker. One candidate proclaimed that the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) has cost the United States hundreds of thousands of jobs and another distanced herself from free trade agreements all together. It has been over twenty years since the implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement and many have criticized it as a bad deal for the U.S. It can be shown thatRead MoreThe North American Free Trade Agreement1036 Words   |  5 PagesThe North American Free Trade Agreement also referred to as NAFTA produced results on January 1, 1994. A trade agreement was made between each of the three of nations of North America. The United States, Canada, and Mexico. The Canadian Prime Minister, Brian Mulroney, the Mexican Presiden t, Carlos Salinas de Gortari, and previous U.S. President George H. Shrub initiated the agreement. Connections between the nations were at that point on great terms, particularly between The United States and CanadaRead MoreThe North American Free Trade Agreement Essay1863 Words   |  8 PagesThe North American Free Trade Agreement, or NAFTA, is an accordance between the United States, Mexico, and Canada that was put into effect in January 1994. This agreement was unprecedented because it integrated three countries that were at extremely different levels of economic development. It changed the economic relationship between North American countries and encouraged trade and investment among the three countries to grow considerably. The purpose of the creation of the North American FreeRead MoreThe North American Free Trade Agreement1486 Words   |  6 PagesThe North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), an agreement signed by three countries in creating rules in trade in North America. NAFTA, when being presented, was described as genuine for helping Mexico and Canada. But was NAFTA really helpings those counties or really just helping North America? Initially North America was being genuine about NAFTA when talking to Mexico and Canada but in reality the NAFTA caused some uneven development as the years went by. I have two stories thatRead MoreThe North American Free Trade Agreement1804 Words   |  8 Pagesunderstanding the elements of trade blocs that enable open markets between member nations while also decreasing the cost of conducting business within a country is essential in making strategic logistical decisions. The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) has provided one such trade bloc that encompasses the countries of the United States, Mexico, and Canada. Since the inception of NAFTA in 1994, significant financial results have been achieved regarding increases in trade revenue and increases inRead MoreThe North American Free Trade Agreement1018 Words   |  5 PagesThe North American Free Trade Agreement, known as NAFTA, is a trilateral trade agreement between Canada, the United States, and Mexico. Signed January 1, 1994, NAFTA’s main purpose was to reduce trading costs, increase business investments, and help the United States be more competitive in the g lobal marketplace. The agreement would eliminate all tariffs on half of all U.S. goods shipping to Mexico and introduce new regulations to encourage cross-border investments. According to President Bush, tradeRead MoreThe North American Free Trade Agreement920 Words   |  4 PagesThe North American Free Trade Agreement (NATFA) shoved the American worker down a flight of stairs in the name of Globalization NAFTA or a bill similar had been floating around Washington since 1979 a year before Reagan took office. NAFTA truly went no where for over a decade. The â€Å"North American Accord† was first proposed by the Reagan and the GOP were always in favor of passage but, it was the Progressive wing, along with many other pro-union members in the Democratic party who held NAFTA atRead MoreThe North American Free Trade Agreement2468 Words   |  10 Pages1.1 Introduction The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was is the biggest free trade region in the globe, creating economic development and helping to raise the living standard for the citizens of all three member states. By strengthening the policies and procedures governing trade and investment, the NAFTA has indicated to be a solid foundation for developing Canada’s prosperity and has set an important example of the advantages of trade liberalization for the rest of the globe. Two decades

Leadership Assess Leading Change - Groups and Teams

Question: How important is top level leadership in organizations? What are the differences or similarities between top level leadership and leadership in groups and teams? How are group decisions affected by the size and composition of the group? In what ways does change pose special challenges for organizational leaders and what guidelines should they use to implement change? Answer: Introduction A successful organisation stands on the shoulders of the management and the leadership of the business heads. A leader is more than a ruler and head. A true leadership will be able to show direction and guide the followers to take action. Leadership is required in every organisation and every level. Efficient leadership works in a goal oriented manner and manages the subordinated to achieve the highest degree of success. A leader is also a counsellor and mediator. Hence, leadership is crucial to running a well-managed organisation. Importance of Top level Leadership The Leaders are the key human resources that an organisation has. Thus, Companies are not just successful because of their products but also through the Leaders who develop the employees and gives direction to the business. The top level leadership consists of the CEO, directors, and senior managers. It is these people who take the most crucial decisions in a day to day basis and delegate the crucial functions to the subordinates (Arnold, 2012). In a vertical organisation, the command or communication is generated from the top-level leadership and distributed to the lowest ranks through leaders of each level. Thus, the top level leaders are the people who run the business. It is important that only the best talents are recruited for these positions. The top level leaders are experienced and possess the greatest knowledge of organisational functions and dilemmas. The employees look up to the top level leaders for inspiration and often idolises them. An efficient Leader would be cordial, autocratic and build rapport with the individuals at the same time (Aydin Ceylan, 2009). Thus, top-level leadership is important to manage and hold together the organisation. Authority is also essential in obtaining performance or managing conflicts. The top level Leaders are the most suitable person to handle this function (Trapp, 2015). Top level leadership and leadership in groups and teams Leadership is present at all levels and is important in managing performance. While the top level leaders hold the business, it is the group leaders who handle the employees and the subordinates on a first-hand basis. Teamwork is very much essential to achieving the organisational goals. Teams are formed to handle specific projects and leaders are assigned to delegate the tasks and closely monitor the activities. The team leaders then report to the group leaders and the group leaders to the manager of the department and finally the manager's report to the top level leaders (Andersen, 2004). Thus, there is a difference in the functions of the Top level leaders and group or team leaders. The top level leaders take organisational decisions whereas the group leaders take decisions regarding each task they are associated with. Also, the top-level leadership manages issues and conflicts that concern the business in a larger context. The group leaders have less responsibility and manage only the employees. A similarity in the demeanour of the leaders is their leadership style. To achieve great performance and favourable work attitude, the Leaders at all level must ensure authority. The authority should flow with the same vigour and the leaders must sustain their positions (Leonard, 2013). Impact of group size and composition on group decisions A group consists of more than two people. Groups are important to divide the tasks and reduce pressure and complete it in a more organised and structured way. Group size and composition is very crucial to how the group performs, especially in different situations. Firstly while there are fewer chances of conflict and decision can be reached unanimously in a smaller group, it is closed and confined and less scope for innovation and creativity. A larger group would take much longer time to reach a point of unison, yet a lot of different ideas would be generated that will increase the diversity. A diverse group is hence more active and high performing than a confined group. Thus, the group composition should include people of all gender, race, and ethnicity. It is the duty of the leader to maintain and manage the conflict and ensures that the groups work in a cohesive manner to reach the goals (Carey Von Weichs, 2003). Another negative aspect of group decisions is groupthink. A group that is completely reliable on the leader might just follow orders and ideas of the leader or a single person, this limits the innovativeness. Hence, the leader should also manage and reduce groupthink. Managing Change by Organisational Leaders Change is very crucial to organisation success, growth and sustenance. The change could be in the form of Company leadership, its philosophy, acquisitions, downsizing, change of location, etc. Change poses uncertainty and this raises concern among the employees. The employees resist changing that directly concerns them and their positions in the company. Thus, the organisational leaders are the key personnel who need to manage the change initiative. They are the people who handle the organisation and its external affairs, and thus are answerable for all the managerial decisions they have taken. Since, they are ruler and the people towards whom the subordinated look up to, it are essential that they pose a clear vision for the change and communicate it to the employees. The organisational leaders also face criticism, disobedience and resistance when facing change. Hence, it is a very important challenge that the leaders have to face (Levay, 2010). To implement change, the Leaders must follow these guidelines with respect to Kotter's 8 Stage model: Construct a plan and create a sense of urgency among the employees about the need for change. Communicate with the group leaders and build teams and task forces to guide coalition. The strategic vision must be formulated regarding the change and initiatives have to be taken . A voluntary task force must be built who will carry forward the change initiative All the barriers, like internal politics, media glare must be tactfully managed and removed. Short term wins must be celebrated and the employees who are sustenance must be held as great assets. The change must be accelerated with complete authority and finally the organisation should be stabilised after the change is complete. Conclusion Leadership is essential to maintain organisational balance and structure. The Leadership is present at all levels, with responsibilities increasing as one goes higher up. There are differences and similarities between the roles of top-level leaders and group leaders are assessed. Also, the role of group size and composition in decision making is understood. Finally, the requirement of implementing change in the organisation and the guidelines that must be followed by the leaders is assessed. References 1. Andersen, J. (2004). Vicars vs. Managers: Do Vicars Differ From Managers In Terms of Leadership Behaviour?. Journal Of Management, Spirituality Religion, 1(2), 201-223. doi:10.1080/14766080409518556 2. Arnold, F. (2012). What makes great leaders great. New York: McGraw-Hill. 3. Aydin, B., Ceylan, A. (2009). A Research Analysis on Employee Satisfaction in terms of Organizational Culture and Spiritual Leadership. IJBM, 4(3). doi:10.5539/ijbm.v4n3p159 4. Carey, D., Von Weichs, M. (2003). How to run a company. New York: Crown Business. 5. Leonard, H. (2013). The Wiley-Blackwell handbook of the psychology of leadership, change and organizational development. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley-Blackwell. 6. Levay, C. (2010). Charismatic leadership in resistance to change. The Leadership Quarterly, 21(1), 127-143. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2009.10.010 7. RemmeÃÅ' , J. (2008). Leadership, change and responsibility. Oxford: Meyer Meyer Media. 8. Trapp, R. (2015). Successful Organizations Need Leaders At All Levels. Forbes. Retrieved 11 September 2015, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/rogertrapp/2014/03/23/organizations-need-leaders-at-all-levels/

Movie Analysis Wo Ai Ni Mommy Essay Example

Movie Analysis: Wo Ai Ni Mommy Paper Asian American film-making has a distinct flavour compared with mainstream films. One of its characteristics is its endeavour to highlight Asian sensibilities and sentiments to the unacquainted American audience. Bringing exposure to the differences and commonalities between Asian and mainstream American culture is another objective. Films such as Shopping for Fangs (1997), Rea Tajiri’s Strawberry Fields (1997) and Sunsets (1997) by Eric Nakamura and Michael Idemoto are composed of a â€Å"sassy melange of cinematic styles†. (Soe, 1997, p.3) They derive many cinematic elements from early Asian American films, but also include â€Å"souped-up mise-en-scenes, techno soundtracks and ultra-hip young characters†¦the stories are ultimately about identity, cultural confusion and finding one’s own voice and desires, all of which have been recurrent themes in Asian American films past and present.† (Soe, 1997, p.3) Thesis: In the case of Wo Ai Ni Mommy, we wit ness some of these cinematic elements, along with unique filmmaking style of the director Stephanie Wang-Breal. Complex issues of loss, memory, family anomie and alienation are all integral parts of the Asian American film genre. In recent years though, Asian American filmmakers have produced an interesting body of work which are largely documentaries or experimental work. The new tribe of young directors, â€Å"linked by youth and their impressive technical skills, explores themes and issues common to Asian American films and videos from years past.† (Soe, 1997, p.3) And the movie titled Wo Ai Ni Mommy by Stephanie Wang-Breal should be studied in this backdrop. This 2010 documentary film narrates the experience of an American couple (Donna and Jeff Sadowsky) as they apply and adopt an orphaned Chinese child, who is given the name of Faith Sadowsky by her new parents. The film captures the intricacies, challenges, losses and gains of adopting an older child from across continents. (Soe, 2010, p.37) We will write a custom essay sample on Movie Analysis: Wo Ai Ni Mommy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Movie Analysis: Wo Ai Ni Mommy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Movie Analysis: Wo Ai Ni Mommy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Film-maker Stephanie Wang-Breal is the mastermind behind the project, as she plays an active role in the unfolding narrative. For example, Wang-Breal also doubles up as a translator between Faith and her new parents, as the former struggles to get acclimatized with new socio-cultural norms. Usually documentary filmmakers take a passive role in the process of film-making, in that they do not affect the audio/visual information being captured. But in the case of Wang-Breal, by virtue of being the only remaining link to Faith’s Chinese heritage, also assumes the role of the young ward’s confidante and interlocutor. It should also be noted that Asian American filmmaking is not one homogenous concept, but rather consists of vastly diverse constituencies in which â€Å"recent immigrants, native-born citizens, community activists, documentarians, avant-garde artists, film students, Asiaphiles and cineastes all claim valid rights. The complexity of the Asian American community has always influenced and affected the work of its filmmakers. As this community becomes more diverse, it will require even greater skill and acuity to accurately reflect the ever-evolving state of Asian American media arts.† (Soe, 1997, p.3) It has been an endeavor of early Asian American filmmakers to present their authentic ‘voice’ in their works. This is certainly evident in Wo Ai Ni Mommy too, where director Stephanie Wang-Breal’s original voice comes across to the audience. Within the limitations of a documentary project, the director manages to raise important issues facing adopted Chinese kids such as Faith. While Faith is obviously the protagonist of the film, her new parents Donna and Jeff are also given key coverage. Indeed Donna’s early experiences with Faith were very challenging. But the later transformation of Faith into an English-speaking American kid is in large part due to the efforts of Donna. A large section of the total run-time is dedicated to the conflicts arising between the newly paired mother and daughter. In the beginning, Faith was mourning the loss of her foster family and the native culture in China. But Donna plays an instrumental role in helping the girl ride ove r her tantrums by consoling, cajoling and empathizing with her. A place where Wang-Breal’s style deviates from early Asian American filmmaking styles is that it does not play up notions of self-determination, self-articulation and collective spirit that were integral to earlier works. This is largely due to the fact that Wo Ai Ni Mommy is a documentary about family life and cohabitation devoid of political undertones. Nor does the film contain messages of political activism or a call for social change. If anything, the content and message is one of appreciation and celebration. Wang-Breal also goes beyond her role of being a ‘fly on the wall’ filmmaker and gets personally involved in the project. During the early days of faith’s American life, it was Wang-Breal who represented and offered the comfort of China to the bewildered girl. By talking to her in Chinese, she became the best friend in Faith’s new home. Hence, Wo Ai Ni Mommy’s theme is one of bringing communities together by highlighting their common humanity as opposed to highlighting their disparities. (Sterritt, 2009, p.61) In conclusion, Stephanie Wang-Breal scores on several counts with her moving documentary film. Having been born and brought up in the United States herself, her approach and handling of the subject of child adoption is different from early Asian American filmmakers, who were perhaps first generation immigrants to the United States. In the end, what helps the film succeed is the filmmaker’s strong identification with the character of Faith Sadowsky, as the stories of both have some parallels. Alongside this autobiographical element, the film includes all the drama and tension expected of an event such as adoption. Since Faith was an older child, believed to be about 6 years old at the time of adoption, the challenge for the Sadowskys become more challenging. But in the end, the child adapts wonderfully to the new atmosphere and starts expressing her talents and personality in full colors. This transformation not only adds to the ‘feel-good’ factor of the film, but also underscores the viability of cross-continental adoptions. Finally, in the work of recent writers and filmmakers such as Wang-Breal, we can arrive at some interesting inferences about their styles. It increasingly appears that they are â€Å"following the course that earlier writers had set: each writer and filmmaker still seems concerned to recover lost history — communal, familial, and personal — in an attempt at self-understanding and self-definition. They are seeking to represent identities across the grain of common and still too prevalent, hidebound old stereotypes. They are claiming agency and voice for the silent or silenced and spoken-for. May we all (Asians and non-Asian Americans) rejoice, enjoy, and benefit (intellectually and emotionally) from their spreading their wings and taking flight.† (Ling, 1995, p.1) Works Cited: Movie: Wo Ai Ni Mommy, 2010, Stephanie Wang-Breal, documentary, 90 min., streaming online through September 30 at http://www.pbs.org/pov/woainimommy/full.php Ling, Amy. â€Å"Recent Asian American Fiction, Drama and Film.† Transformations 6.2 (1995): 1+. Soe, Valerie. â€Å"Cinematic Snapshot.† Afterimage 35.1 (2007): 2+. Soe, Valerie. â€Å"Deceptive Simplicity.† Afterimage 37.5 (2010): 37+. Soe, Valerie. â€Å"Pictures in Transition: 15th San Francisco International Asian American Film Festival.† Afterimage 25.1 (1997): 3. Sterritt, David. â€Å"Wrestling with Real Life.† Tikkun Mar.-Apr. 2009: 61+. Houston, Velina Hasu, ed. The Politics of Life: Four Plays by Asian American Women. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1993.